The L1 Weekly Report is published every Friday, focusing on the development of Layer 1 blockchains. If you have any suggestions, feel free to contact [email protected].

Bitcoin

• Bitcoin Core 28.1 Released
  • Bitcoin Core version 28.1 is now available

Ethereum

• ERC-7822:Digital Decentralized Passport (DDP)
  • This proposal introduces the concept of a Digital Decentralized Passport (DDP), designed to store personal information analogous to a traditional passport. The DDP includes fields for names, surnames, unique identifiers (e.g., residency or citizenship numbers), and optionally encrypted sensitive data. The passport integrates credibility points earned through social verification, endorsements from government representatives, and validations by certified organizations.
• Decentralized Attestation Aggregation with Quorum Certification based Single-Slot-Finality
  • In Ethereum’s current consensus protocol, validators in a slot are organized into committees, with attestations spread in subnetworks and aggregated by a limited number of aggregators. EIP-7549 expands the attestation dissemination scope and the number of aggregators. This proposal further aims to involve all validators in a single slot, making each a potential aggregator. To manage the large number of attestations, a hierarchical aggregation method is proposed where attestations are grouped into different levels. A block is finalized when the Fourth-Level Group reaches a supermajority of over 700,000 individual attestations. Attestations in finalized blocks are rewarded. Overall, the approach offers a scalable and inclusive way to achieve single-slot finality, aligning with Ethereum’s principles.
• Key Management for Autonomous AI Agents with Crypto Wallets
  • Autonomous AI agents with crypto wallets can interact with blockchains and smart contracts, performing tasks like trading. They need a private key to initiate transactions. However, due to their high computational demands, they often operate in potentially adversarial environments like remote servers, posing a security risk to the assets accessible via the private key. To solve this, several approaches are proposed. The TEE-based approach stores the private key and runs the agent code within a Trusted Execution Environment, but TEEs can be attacked and cause performance issues. The iO-based approach hides the private key in the obfuscated agent code, yet iO is still in development and resource-intensive. The MPC-based approach splits the private key into shares across multiple worker nodes, enhancing security. The SNARK-based approach involves a SNARK prover on the server and a verifier on a local device with the private key. Each approach has its pros and cons, and the authors seek feedback to improve them.
• ERC-7859:AgentNFT Extension for ERC721
  • This extension allows a NFT (ERC-721) token to store prompts and AI agent’s address, facilitating the establishment of an on-chain identity for AI-powered entities.
• Smart Bidding: Gas Pricing Automation Strategies
  • The current gas pricing terms like “Slow”, “Medium”, “Fast” lack meaningful semantics for users. Thus, a new perspective is proposed, framing gas pricing as a bidding process.
• Forking the RANDAO: Manipulating Ethereum’s Distributed Randomness Beacon
  • The paper analyzes the manipulability of Ethereum’s RANDAO, a distributed randomness beacon protocol. Previously, the only known manipulation strategy was selfish mixing, but the authors identify a new one: forking the blockchain. Combining forking with selfish mixing creates a potent manipulation approach.
• Embedded Rollups, Part 1: Introduction
  • Embedded rollups (ERs) are introduced as rollups embedded within and shared among other rollups. Regular rollups face challenges with cross-L2 interoperability as they share state only through L1, which is costly. ERs allow rollups to store and update an embedded rollup’s state, creating a local read-only view. This enables cross-rollup read-only shared state, useful for applications like shared key-value stores (e.g., ENS, Keystore) and shared bridge rollups.
• Embedded Rollups, Part 2: Shared Bridging
  • This post is the second part of a series on embedded rollups, co-authored by Lin Oshitani and Conor McMenamin from Nethermind. It focuses on how embedded rollups can create a shared bridge between L2s, addressing the issue of cross-L2 interoperability.
• Block-Level Warming
  • The post for block-level warming suggests extending the EVM’s storage slot warming from the transaction level to the block level. Currently, each transaction independently warms storage slots, leading to redundant costs. By implementing block-level warming, frequently accessed slots can maintain a “warm” status throughout a block’s execution.
• Block-level fee markets: Four easy pieces
  • This post explores alternative proposals for metering and pricing blockchain resources, presenting a unified approach to weigh their opportunities and trade-offs. Fee markets allocate resources through pricing, with direct and mediated pricing as two methods. Metering occurs at transaction or block level, and resources must be both measured and priced.